Ubuntu (operating system)
 | |
|---|---|
 Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat) | |
| Company / developer | Canonical Ltd. / Ubuntu Foundation |
| OS family | Unix-like |
| Working state | Current |
| Source model | Free and open source software (with exceptions)[1][2] |
| Initial release | 20 October 2004 |
| Latest stable release | 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat) / 10 October 2010[3] |
| Latest unstable release | 11.04 (Natty Narwhal) Alpha 3 / 3 March 2011[4] |
| Available language(s) | Multilingual (more than 55) |
| Update method | APT (front-ends available) |
| Package manager | dpkg (front-ends like Synaptic available) |
| Supported platforms | i386, amd64 |
| Kernel type | Linux (Monolithic-based Hybrid) |
| Userland | GNU |
| Default user interface | GNOME |
| License | Mainly the GNU GPL and various free software other licenses / plus proprietary binary blobs.[1][2] |
| Official website | ubuntu.com |
Ubuntu (pronounced /ʊˈbʊntuː/)[5][6] is a computer operating system based on the Debian GNU/Linux distribution and distributed as free and open source software. It is named after the Southern African philosophy of Ubuntu ("humanity towards others").[7]
With an estimated global usage of more than 12 million users,[8] Ubuntu is designed primarily for desktop use, although netbook and server editions exist as well.[9] Web statistics suggest that Ubuntu's share of Linux desktop usage is about 50%,[10][11] and indicate upward-trending usage as a web server.[12]
Ubuntu is sponsored by the UK-based company Canonical Ltd., owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical generates revenue by selling technical support and services tied to Ubuntu, while the operating system itself is entirely free of charge.
Contents |
History and development process
Ubuntu is a fork of the Debian project's codebase. The original aim of the Ubuntu team was to create an easy-to-use (freedom for users rather than freedom for programmers) Linux desktop with new releases scheduled on a predictable six-month basis, resulting in a more frequently updated system.[13][14]
Ubuntu's first release was on 20 October 2004. Since then, Canonical has released new versions of Ubuntu every six months[15] with commitment to support each release for eighteen months by providing security fixes, patches to critical bugs and minor updates to programs. It was decided that every fourth release, issued on a two-year basis, would receive long-term support (LTS).[13] LTS releases are supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server.[15]
The latest LTS release is Ubuntu 10.04 (Lucid Lynx), released on 29 April 2010, while the latest normal release is Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), released on 10 October 2010.
Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools (APT and Synaptic). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however, and sometimes .deb packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu.[16] Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian,[17]Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, has expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible.[18] Before release, packages are imported from Debian Unstablefrozen, and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen features interoperate well together. although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. In the past, continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. A month before release, imports are
Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd. announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an "emergency fund" (in case Canonical's involvement ends).[19]
On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for 3rd party cloud management platforms, such as for those used at Amazon EC2.[20]
Features
Ubuntu is composed of many software packages, the vast majority are distributed under a free software license. The only exceptions are some proprietary hardware drivers[21] which are needed to safeguard every individual's freedom to use Ubuntu. The main license used is the GNU General Public LicenseGNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), explicitly declares that users are free to run, copy, distribute, study, change, develop and improve the software. On the other hand, there is also proprietary software available that can run on Ubuntu. Ubuntu focuses on usability, security and stability.[22] The Ubiquity installer allows Ubuntu to be installed to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment, without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu also emphasizes accessibility and internationalization to reach as many people as possible. Beginning with 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding,[23] which allows for support of a variety of non-Roman scripts. As a security feature, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, allowing the root account to remain locked, and preventing inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.[24] PolicyKit is also being widely implemented into the desktop to further harden[jargon]principle of least privilege. (GNU GPL) which, along with the the system through the
Ubuntu comes installed with a wide range of software that includes OpenOffice, Firefox, EmpathyPidgin in versions before 9.10), Transmission, GIMP (in versions prior to 10.04), and several lightweight games (such as Sudoku and chess). Additional software that is not installed by default can be downloaded and installed using the Ubuntu Software Center[25] or the package manager Synaptic, which come pre-installed. Ubuntu allows networking ports to be closed using its firewall, with customized port selection available. End-users can install Gufw (GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall) and keep it enabled.[26] GNOME (the current default desktop) offers support for more than 46 languages.[27] Ubuntu can also run many programs designed for Microsoft Windows (such as Microsoft Office), through Wine or using a Virtual Machine (such as VMware Workstation or VirtualBox). For the upcoming 11.04 release, Canonical intends to drop the GNOME Shell as the default desktop environment in favor of Unity, a graphical interface it first developed for the netbook edition of Ubuntu.[28] (
Ubuntu, unlike Debian, compiles their packages using gcc features such as PIE and Buffer overflow protection to harden their software.[29] These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 1% in 32 bit and 0.01% in 64 bit.[30]
System requirements
The desktop version of Ubuntu currently supports the x86 32 bit and 64 bit architectures. Unofficial support is available for the PowerPC,[31] IA-64 (Itanium) and PlayStation 3 architectures (note however that Sony officially removed support for OtherOS on the PS3 with firmware 3.21, released on 1 April 2010), as well as ARM mobile processors (see HTC HD2).[32] A supported GPU is required to enable desktop visual effects.
| Current Minimum Requirements[33][34][35] | Server | Desktop |
|---|---|---|
| Processor (x86) with the i686 instruction set[36] | 300 MHz | 1 GHz |
| Memory | 128 MB | 512 MB |
| Hard Drive (free space) | 1 GB | 5 GB |
| Monitor Resolution | 640×480 | 1024×768 |
Installation
Installation of Ubuntu is generally performed with the Live CD. The Ubuntu OS can be run directly from the CD (sometimes with a significant performance loss), allowing a user to "test-drive" the OS for hardware compatibility and driver support. The CD also contains the Ubiquity installer,[37] which then can guide the user through the permanent installation process. CD images of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site.[38] Installing from the CD requires a minimum of 256 MiB of RAM.
Users can download a disk image (.iso) of the CD, which can then either be written to a physical medium (CD or DVD), or optionally run directly from a hard drive (via UNetbootin or GRUB). Ubuntu is also available on ARM, PowerPC, SPARC, and IA-64 platforms, although none are officially supported.[39]
Canonical offers Ubuntu[40] and Kubuntu[41] Live installation CDs at no cost, including paid postage for destinations in most countries around the world (via a service called ShipIt). Various third-party programs such as remastersys and Reconstructor are available to create customised copies of the Ubuntu Live CDs.
A Microsoft Windows migration tool, called Migration Assistant (introduced in April 2007),[42] can be used to import bookmarks, desktop background (wallpaper), and various settings from an existing MS Windows installation into a new Ubuntu installation.[43]
Ubuntu and Kubuntu can be booted and run from a USB Flash drive (as long as the BIOS supports booting from USB), with the option of saving settings to the flashdrive. This allows a portable installation that can be run on any PC which is capable of booting from a USB drive.[44] In newer versions of Ubuntu, the USB creator program is available to install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or without a LiveCD disc).
Wubi, which is included as an option on the Live CD,[45] allows Ubuntu to be installed and run from within a virtual Windows loop device (as a large image file that is managed like any other Windows program via the Windows Control Panel). This method requires no partitioning of a Windows user's hard drive. Wubi also makes use of the Migration Assistant to import users' settings. It is only useful for Windows users and it also incurs a slight performance loss.
Package classification and support
Ubuntu divides all software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.[46] Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members, but not from Canonical Ltd.
| Free software | Non-free software | |
|---|---|---|
| Supported | Main | Restricted |
| Unsupported | Universe | Multiverse |
Free software includes only software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements,[21] which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include firmware and fonts, in the Main category, because although they are not allowed to be modified, their distribution is otherwise unencumbered.[citation needed]
Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a general-use GNU/Linux system.[citation needed] Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialized applications are placed in the Universe and Multiverse categories.
In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognized repository for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu.[47] The repository is not comprehensive; it consists primarily of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines. Backports receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely community-maintained.
The -updates repository provides updates to stable releases of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for packages in universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the -proposed repository before being made available to the public.[48] Updates will continue to be available until the end of life for the release.
In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposed repository contains uploads which must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression.[49] Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community.
Canonical's partner repository lets vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software.[50] The software in the partner repository is officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors. Canonical supports the packaging of the software for Ubuntu[50][51][52] and provides guidance to vendors.[50] The partner repository is disabled by default and can be enabled by the user.[53] Some popular products distributed via the partner repository as of August 2010 are Adobe Flash Player, Adobe Reader, Skype and Sun Java.[update]
Availability of third-party software
Ubuntu has a certification system for third party software.[54] Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extrasMP3 and DVDMicrosoft TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment, Adobe's Flash Playercodecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR file format. additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for playback, plugin, many common audio/video
Additionally, several third party application suites are available for purchase through the Canonical web-based store,[citation needed] including software for DVD playback and media codecs.Releases
Main article: List of Ubuntu
releases
| Version | Code name | Release date | Supported until | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Desktop | Server | |||
| 4.10 | Warty Warthog | 2004-10-20 | 2006-04-30 | |
| 5.04 | Hoary Hedgehog | 2005-04-08 | 2006-10-31 | |
| 5.10 | Breezy Badger | 2005-10-13 | 2007-04-13 | |
| 6.06 LTS | Dapper Drake | 2006-06-01 | 2009-07-14 | 2011-06 |
| 6.10 | Edgy Eft | 2006-10-26 | 2008-04-25 | |
| 7.04 | Feisty Fawn | 2007-04-19 | 2008-10-19 | |
| 7.10 | Gutsy Gibbon | 2007-10-18 | 2009-04-18 | |
| 8.04 LTS | Hardy Heron | 2008-04-24 | 2011-04 | 2013-04 |
| 8.10 | Intrepid Ibex | 2008-10-30 | 2010-04-30 | |
| 9.04 | Jaunty Jackalope | 2009-04-23 | 2010-10-23 | |
| 9.10 | Karmic Koala | 2009-10-29 | 2011-04 | |
| 10.04 LTS | Lucid Lynx | 2010-04-29 | 2013-04 | 2015-04 |
| 10.10 | Maverick Meerkat | 2010-10-10 | 2012-04 | |
| 11.04 | Natty Narwhal | 2011-04-28 | 2012-10 | |
| 11.10 | Oneiric Ocelot | 2011-10-? | 2013-04 | |
| Colour | Meaning | |||
| Red | Release no longer supported | |||
| Green | Release still supported | |||
| Blue | Future release | |||
Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and month number of the release.[55] For example, the first release was Ubuntu 4.10 as it was released on 20 October 2004. Version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed the version number changes accordingly.
Ubuntu releases are also given alliterative code names, using an adjective and an animal (e.g., "Dapper Drake" and "Intrepid Ibex"). With the exception of the first three releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer. "We might skip a few letters, and we'll have to wrap eventually." says Mark Shuttleworth while describing the naming scheme.[citation needed] Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name.[56]
Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases (which in turn are about one month after releases of X.org). Consequently, every Ubuntu release comes with an updated version of both GNOME and X.
Upgrades between releases have to be done from one release to the next release (e.g. Ubuntu 10.04 to Ubuntu 10.10) or from one LTS release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 8.04 LTS to Ubuntu 10.04 LTS).[57]
The current release is 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), released on 10 October 2010 (10/10/10). This is a departure from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October to get "the perfect 10",[58] and a playful reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, since, in binary, 101010 is equal to the number 42, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.[59]
Variants
See also: List of Ubuntu-based Linux distributions
Official Ubuntu editions, which are created and maintained by Canonical and the Ubuntu community and receive full support from Canonical, its partners and the Community, are the following:[62][63]
- Ubuntu Desktop Edition, designed for desktop and laptop PCs.
- Ubuntu Netbook Edition, (formerly Ubuntu Netbook Remix)[64][65] designed for netbooks and other ultra-portables.[66] Ubuntu Netbook Edition is set to be discontinued, as the Unity Interface will be used as default in both Desktop and Netbook Editions.[67]
- Ubuntu Server Edition, made for use in servers.[68]
There are many Ubuntu variants (or derivates) based on the official Ubuntu editions. These Ubuntu variants install a set of packages that differ from the official Ubuntu distributions.
The variants recognized by Canonical as contributing significantly towards the Ubuntu project are the following:[62]
- Edubuntu, a GNOME-based subproject and add-on for Ubuntu, designed for school environments and home users.[69]
- Kubuntu, a desktop distribution using the KDE Plasma Workspaces desktop environment rather than GNOME.
- Mythbuntu, designed for creating a home theater PC with MythTV and uses the Xfce desktop environment.
- Ubuntu Studio, a distribution made for professional video and audio editing, comes with higher-end free editing software and is a DVD .iso image unlike the Live CD the other Ubuntu distributions use.
- Xubuntu, a distribution based on the Xfce desktop environment instead of GNOME, designed to run more efficiently on low-specification computers.
Mythbuntu, Ubuntu Studio, Xubuntu and Gobuntu are not commercially supported by Canonical.[70]
Other variants are created and maintained by individuals and organizations outside of Canonical and they are self governed projects that work more or less closely with the Ubuntu community.[63] Some of the variants, such as Lubuntu, a lightweight variant using LXDE, have the explicit goal of earning official endorsement from Canonical.[71]
Development
The Ubuntu Developer Summit is a gathering of software developers which occurs prior to the release of a new public version of Ubuntu.[72]
At the beginning of a new development cycle, Ubuntu developers from around the world gather to help shape and scope the next release of Ubuntu. The summit is open to the public, but it is not a conference, exhibition or other audience-oriented event. Rather, it is an opportunity for Ubuntu developers, who usually collaborate online, to work together in person on specific tasks.
Reception
Chris Kenyon, vice president for OEM at Canonical Ltd., indicates that because of a lack of registration, any numbers provided for Ubuntu distributions should be treated as estimates.[73] Nevertheless, a number of estimates and the results of surveys have been provided. In an August 2007 survey of 38,500 visitors on DesktopLinux.com, Ubuntu was the most popular distribution with 30.3% of respondents claiming to use it.[74] In January 2009, The New York Times reported that Ubuntu had over ten million users. In June 2009 ZDNet reported, "Worldwide, there are 13 million active Ubuntu users with use growing faster than any other distribution.",[75][76] though Kenyon provided a more conservative estimate of 12 million users in April 2010.[73]
Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London,[77] received favorable reviews in online and print publications,[78][79]InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for and has won Best Open Source Client OS.[80] In early 2008 PC World named Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today", though it criticized the lack of an integrated desktop effects manager.[81]
The public sector has also made use of Ubuntu. The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Macedonia deployed more than 180,000 Ubuntu GNU/Linux based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations.[82] In the beginning of 2008, having successfully deployed 13,000 Fedora Linux systems in schools in the Philippines, ASI, an independent Linux consultant company, was contracted to provide 10,000 Ubuntu systems for schools.[83] The French police, having already started using open source software in 2005 by replacing Microsoft Office with OpenOffice.org in 2005, decided to transition to Ubuntu from Windows XP after the release of Windows Vista in 2006.[84] By March 2009, the Gendarmerie Nationale had already switched 5000 workstations to Ubuntu.[84] Based on the success of that transition, it planned to switch 15,000 more over by the end of 2009 and to have switched all 90,000 workstations over by 2015.[84] Lt. Colonel Guimard announced that the move was very easy and allowed for a 70% saving on the IT budget without having to reduce its capabilities.[84]
In 2008, Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the television series Mythbusters, advocated Linux (specifically giving the example of Ubuntu) as an alternative to proprietary software, citing software bloat as a major hurdle in proprietary operating systems.[85]
Local Communities (LoCos)
In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense of community around the distribution, Local Communities,[86] better known as "LoCos", have been established throughout the world. Originally, each country had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably, the United States, each state or province may establish a team. A LoCo Council approves teams based upon their efforts to either aid in the development or the promotion of Ubuntu.
Vendor support
A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed, including Hasee, Dell,[87] Tesco, OP3, Gliese IT, System76,[88] Sharp Corporation[89] and the South African company Bravium Computers.[90] Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day, three-month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical.[91] Dell computers (running Ubuntu 10.04) include extra support for ATI Video Graphics, Dell Wireless, Fingerprint Readers, HDMI, Bluetooth, DVD Playback (using LinDVD), and MP3/WMA/WMV.[92]
